PHYLOSOPHY FINAL ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Essay Topics For Children To Read And Write On

Essay Topics For Children To Read And Write OnThere are plenty of essay topics for children to choose from, so if you need help deciding what essay topics for children to read, you will want to read this article. When I was a child I used to love the sound of all the essays that my teacher used in her lessons.I used to get the short essays and I loved doing the essays for children to read because I really liked learning about the world around me. I would not have been able to enjoy the details of life without these essay topics for children to read, although the things I learned were not always as beneficial as I had imagined.I enjoyed these essays more than I would have if I had not made the decision to help children learn. Some of the topics for children to read and write on are listed below, but the one that you like best will most likely be the one your child wants to write about in their essay.The world that you live in can change the way people do things and create situations t hat may make them act in an unnatural way. It is these types of essay topics for children to read and write on that you will find most useful when it comes to helping your child.You will find that there are many other topics for children to read and write on besides the ones listed above, but it is good to give your child a few choices of things they could talk about. Some topics for children to read and write on may include: TV, Internet, and Movies.When you help your child write a short essay on a topic of their choice, they are being given the opportunity to tell us how they feel about a certain situation or the way that someone else feels about something. Writing a short essay can really make a difference in a child's life.With children, they have to use their imagination to come up with something they can talk about in their essay. Reading the topic that is written in the essay for children to read and write on is something that can help them see things differently and start to realize what they could do if they had a little bit more power in the world.I am sure that when you write an essay for children to read and write on, you will want to take the time to find the topic that they like the best, and do not worry that it will not be an important topic. The topics for children to read and write on are not as important as you think, and once they know what to talk about, they will be able to talk about a lot of different things.

Essay Topics - Which Ones Are Right For You?

Essay Topics - Which Ones Are Right For You?If you are trying to write a college level essay, do you know what your next steps should be? You can either choose to either try to read a book or do your own research to get the right resources. If you are someone who doesn't know much about writing essays, you may want to just use your own resources. What is the right course of action for you?First off, let's talk about college-level essays and what they entail. A college level essay is basically a writing test and your grade is dependent on how well you answer the questions asked in the essay. The question types are the same in all the courses: a short story; history lesson; science project; math problem; literature lesson; and political debate. Now, on to what you should look at when choosing essay topics...College level essays are usually written for an assignment and with essay topics, you should really give some thought to what each of the subjects do. Is it a short story? Will it b e a topic about your interest? Does the assignment require you to write about something more, such as a personal experience?For example, if you are trying to write an essay about how your family was impacted by the Civil War, you might want to write about your personal story. For example, if you grew up during the times of the Civil War, then you may want to write about your family. After that, if you do not write about your personal experience, you won't be able to write about the Civil War.If you do decide to write about current events, you need to be careful in the content you choose. After all, current events are usually very controversial. It is important to stay on topic. Now, the same principle applies to choosing essay topics for a literature course. In general, there are two options when it comes to essay topics for a literature course. First, you can write a literary review, which will be reviewed by the professors. Second, you can write an essay based on the literary work s of a certain writer. With the former option, you would get an A, but with the latter option, you will get a D or F. Either way, this will count as an overall grade for the course. Now, once you decide which route you would like to take, you should decide how long you want to spend writing the essay.Most people choose to write a 500 word essay, which means they will get one credit for the course grade. Once you have decided on the length of the essay, you will want to research the topic you want to write about. If you cannot find any information online or any books that will help you, then you can always ask a professor for help.Now that you know how to pick a college level essay topic, it is up to you to choose a topic that will suit your needs. With this in mind, you can make sure that you put in your time writing the essay correctly, so that you are sure to get a good grade and mark.

Temperance And Prohibition Propaganda - 845 Words

Religion was the main reason behind Temperance and Prohibition movement. The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant revival that started around the1800’s in the United States. The revivals attracted hundreds of new followers to the Protestant denomination. Massachusetts passed a Temperance law in 1838. If the alcohol where in quantities less than 15 gallons it was banned, The Temperance law was repealed two years later. In 1846 Maine passed the one of the first state prohibition law . Many other states followed by the time the Civil War began in 1861. â€Å"The temperance movement of the 19th and early 20th century was an organized in effort to encourage moderation in the consumption of intoxicating liquors or press for complete abstinence†.†¦show more content†¦The 18th amendment was ratified on January 29,1919. The amendment went into effect about a year later, 33 states had already authorized their own prohibition legislation. The National Prohibition Act. Provided guidelines for the federal enforcement of prohibition. â€Å"Championed by representative Andrew Volstead of Mississippi as the Volstead Act†. Even after President Woodrow Willison veto, the Volstead Act was passed by congress. The act was passed o n October 28, 1919. It was up to the Treasury Department/ Internal Revenue Service IRS for the enforcement of the Volstead Act using Prohibition agents employed through the IRS. It was eventually transferred to the Justice Department. Most of the enforcers could be bribed by the bootleggers. The government had fewer than 1,600 low paid, poorly trained prohibition agents for the entire country. â€Å"The public reaction to the introduction of prohibition was mixed. Less than one hour after prohibition took effect six gunmen hijacked a train in Chicago and stole over $100,000 worth of whiskey that was marked for medicinal use†. Prohibition led to organized crime. speakeasies, bootleggers, bathtub gin, and â€Å"a national wildness called the roaring twenties. Prohibition turned the small gangs that existed in the early 20th century into the powerful mafias that are still around today. A huge public demand for alcohol, made a veryShow MoreRelatedEssay on Prohibition: A Call For Reformation928 Words   |  4 PagesDuring the late eighteenth century, reformers and politics debated the sale of alcohol for many reasons. Issues such as prohibition caused many individuals to engage in politics and propaganda sometimes took the focus off the real problems. President Cleveland won the election in 1884 for the Republican Party, it was said to have been because of a quote by a Republican clergyman. Directed primarily toward Democrats, it labeled them the party of â€Å"rum, Romanism, and rebellion.† In 1850 annual consumptionRead MoreHistory, Social Factors and Economic Impac of the Prohibition of Alcohol in the United States1490 Words   |  6 PagesThis current paper will examine the history, social factors, and economic impact of the prohibition of alcohol in the United States. Ken Burns and Lynn Novick (2011) delve into the topic of alcohol in America in their documentary Prohibition, and this paper will discuss the events before, during, and after the prohibition of alcohol in the United States. This paper will also relate the prohibition of alcohol to the current drug policies of cocaine in the United States. Alcohol and cocaine wereRead MoreWhy Did Prohibition Last so Long Essay1595 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Did Prohibition Last So Long? Prohibition of Alcohol in America was introduced in 1920 with the 18th amendment of the constitution and was finally revoked in 1933. Prohibition was always considered a failure, due to the way it was policed, the fact the American people at the time liked to drink and the fact that alcohol was very easily accessible. Therefore the fact it lasted thirteen years, despite it being obvious within the first five that things were not working, seems incomprehensibleRead MoreThe Rise of Prohibition in America Essay2623 Words   |  11 Pageshow did the Temperance Movement gain enough strength to legally ban the manufacturing, selling, and transportation of alcohol in 1920? Through the determination and stamina of a multitude of factions throughout America from the early to mid 19th century, into the Progressive Era, federal legislation in the form of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States of America was passed. Beginning in the mid-1800s and coming to a climax in 1920, the issue of prohibition gained enoughRead MoreEssay about The History of Prohibition975 Words   |  4 PagesThe History of Prohibition Source A is aptly named â€Å"Slaves of the saloon†. It shows a man handing over what we guess is his weekly wages to the owner of a saloon – we guess by the men drinking in the background that he is using it to buy alcohol. The source also depicts a woman and her children sitting around a table with no food. We can guess fairly easily that this is the man in the saloon’s family; there is a bill on the floor hinting at lack of money for necessitiesRead MoreThe Reform Movements of America1272 Words   |  5 Pagesmovements. These movements included the temperance movement, education movement, prison movements, womens rights movement, and the anti-slavery movement. When glanced together, there may initially seem to be little connection between these various different movements. However, they were actually supported by a common theme, the liberation of the human spirit. This idea that all humans should be free provided the support for all of the different movements. The temperance movement was based on the idea thatRead More Discrimination of Italian Immigrants in American History Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pagesimmigration to 2% of their United States population bases on the census of 1890. These acts both passed with an overwhelming majority voting for them.   During this time, many social movements were taking place in America, such as the labor movement, the temperance movement, and the r eactionary movements of many white protestant groups, and all were looking for public support.   Often, these groups would try to unify people around a central idea in order to gain this backing. Many groups exploited Americans’Read More Causes of the Civil War Essay1354 Words   |  6 Pagesgroups, including the Methodists and Lutherans had strong antidrink traditions based upon religious teachings. Prohibition was first tried in America to protect colonial settlers from the attacks of I The earliest reformers called for moderation, not total abstinence, but as their movement gained strength it demanded a complete prohibition of all beer, wine, and liquor. The first temperance legislation was passed in Massachusetts in 1838. Called the Many people in this era were beginning to be categorizedRead More Cultural Context: Alcohol Essay2143 Words   |  9 Pagesagainst liquor as the cause or demise of their success. Prohibition marked a change in the American way of life and is best documented by F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway in their contemporary works. Both of these authors grappled with alcohol use and abuse within their own lives and writing. On 12:01 a.m. on July 16, 1920 the 18th Amendment went into effect, marking the beginning of a thirteen-year period of national Prohibition in the United States. The movement had existed for decadesRead MoreEssay Why All Drugs Should Be Legalized 1468 Words   |  6 Pages Abraham Lincoln once said: â€Å"Prohibition will work great injury to the cause of temperance. It is a species of intemperance within itself, for it goes beyond the bounds of reason in that it attempts to control a mans appetite by legislation, and makes a crime out of things that are not crimes. A Prohibition law strikes a blow at the very principles upon which our government was founded.†(Lincoln) When most people think of prohibition, they think of the 18th amendment of the constitution; the alcohol

Major Advertising Strategies Essay examples - 1775 Words

The 21st century is the direct embodiment of the Information Age – smartphones, internet, and HD televisions are the rulers our lives while the inventions and gadgets of yesteryear are the peasants gazing at the throne. In this age, people are bombarded with huge amounts of information and sacrifice the traditional, slower means of becoming informed to faster, more electronic counterparts. Most people search online for sports news instead of checking the paper; people skip the pleasantries of small talk and instead send a text message; and others prefer video chat over meeting face to face. Individuals now rely heavily on the internet and other electronics to provide them with information quickly. The internet also makes decisions for†¦show more content†¦Comparative advertising is a commonplace method that is used with firms. Competing firms will make a list of features or ingredients that are better in comparison to a competitor’s brand or product. The most r ecent and prime examples are the Mac vs. PC commercials and recent smartphone commercials. Food related firms may use taste tests and nutrient facts to persuade consumers that their brand is better than the competitor’s brand. Despite negative views from some firms, comparative marketing is actually advantageous. Comparative ads can distinguish a new firm’s product from the dozens of generic products that line the market. It is imperative for any firm to develop a unique identity. Comparative advertising also benefits the buyer as much as the firm. The main point of these ads is to give information for the benefit of the buyers; it gives them a satisfactory expenditure of their funds (Rajput, 2008). And if a firm successfully convinces consumers to buy their product, they will take a large market share from their opponents. However, comparative marketing is not without its downfalls. When using comparative marketing as a strategy, some firms will use a nameless, generi c product to compare theirs to. If a firm mentions the name of another competitor, it has the potential to confuse the audience. According to Mettrick (2004), every time the name of anShow MoreRelatedDrug Company Marketing Campaigns Essay648 Words   |  3 Pages Drug companies spend enormous amounts of money on advertising their products. From TV commercials to print ads to bulk mail advertisements, they cover the entire spectrum of marketing techniques. However, change is afoot and most drug companies are reevaluating their advertising strategies and how they spend their money. According to a recent Business Week article (â€Å"Drugmakers are Changing Channels†, http:www.businessweek.com/print/magazine/content/05_33/b3947055_mz011.htm), the companies have doneRead MoreFirst in Show Pet Foods1322 Words   |  6 PagesCase Recap First in Show Pet Foods is a major producer of dog food for show-dogs. It is developing a marketing strategy for a new frozen dog food, Show Circuit, to enter into Boston’s supermarket arena. Breaking into the established dog food industry will not be an easy task. Show Circuit is a high quality, balanced frozen dog food that contains fresh meats and cereal with no additives or preservatives. A mink rancher looking to improve his mink’s coat formulated the product. The fresh ingredientsRead MoreAdvertising And Experience Design Strategies1269 Words   |  6 PagesAdvertising and Experience Design Strategies Ahmed Salman Argosy University October, 8, 2014 Advertising and Experience Design Strategies In the business world today, marketers have various options on how to promote and sell their products and services. On top of the traditional methods of advertising such as print adverts and direct marketing, today there is web based advertising, email advertising as well as many social media sites such as Twitter, You tube, Linked In and Facebook. BusinessesRead MoreArticle Review: How to Profit from Lean Advertising by Thales Teixeira982 Words   |  4 PagesReview of How to Profit from Lean Advertising: How to Profit from Lean Advertising is an article written by Thales Teixeira to examine and explain the concept of lean advertising and how philosophies of this concept are enabling small marketing budgets to obtain value of big brands. Generally, lean procedures, philosophies, and methodologies are slowly becoming common aspects of advertising for both small and large companies. The emergence of leaning advertising as an important part of modern marketingRead MoreChanging Face of Indian Advertisements1456 Words   |  6 PagesThis study is to examine how a consumer connects with promotional techniques used by advertising industry in India. The advertising industry in India is changing at a very fast pace. The promotional techniques that are now being used by the companies is focusing on a social cause and using common people as their brand representatives rather than using celebrity faces. Television, often called â€Å"king† of the advertising media has been constantly facing challenges from not only the digital print mediaRead MoreDevelop A Media Plan Task 1 Essay examples731 Words   |  3 PagesCreative requirement of the advertising message†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Product merchandising requirements†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Identify any relevant local national or international legislations standards†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 Develop a media plan Introduction I am going to define the EYWA company media requirements. And as well as identifying target audience and consumer profile, analysis the product market factor of the EYWA Company. Analysis the creative requirements of an advertising message and identifyingRead MoreBusiness Level Strategy of Coca Cola1529 Words   |  7 PagesBusiness Level Strategy of Coca Cola Introduction In today’s business environment, business strategy plays a crucial role to the organizations in order to achieve the competitive advantage over the other competitors. Coca Cola Company is one of the business organisations facing a fierce competition in the global market with Pepsi, its major competitor, in addition, the company has to deal with the significant threats such as a health concerns, apparently an increasing trend among society nowadaysRead MoreCreative Strategy1101 Words   |  5 PagesCreative Strategy A creative strategy is the manner in which the message will be conveyed to the consumer. A clear message should be determined; this is precisely what the firm intends to communicate to the consumer. The creative team will develop a theme so that the consumer recognizes the product without having to think about it. This is where the art department develops key colors, fonts and numerous other aspects of the marketing campaign. In advertising, different creative strategies are usedRead MorePropose a New Positioning Strategy for Acl Product968 Words   |  4 Pagespublic isn’t aware of ACL Clean and its benefits. In order to make ACL Clean a more successful and well known product, funds used for the product line extension need to be diverted to advertising in order implement a new positioning strategy in the Essex market. The best way to implement a new positioning strategy would be through the marketing of ACL Clean to first time buyers of cleaning equipment. In order to do this ACL Clean will need to promote sales, advertise, and become established inRead MoreRelationship Between Advertising and Sales Promotion1163 Words   |  5 PagesThis article studies the relationship between advertising and sales promotions and their impact on brand equity. A main priority for most companies is to establish and achieve a strong and powerful brand name. A company can build a strong brand name by creating th e market for their customers want. By creating a strong brand name, a company will become more established. Brand equity is important to the producer, retailer and consumer. The consumer knowledge of the brand says how the producer will

Accounting and Finance for Commonwealth Bank - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theAccounting and Finance for Commonwealth Bank. Answer: Introduction The current study elucidates in detail about ethics and corporate social responsibility that refer to accountability of a corporation for the impacts of its decisions on society with reference to the operations of the firm CommInsue. CommInsue is the insurance arm of the firm Commonwealth Bank of Australia that was involved in diverse deceitful exercises namely misusing of medical reports counting deleting files and compelling doctors to later their opinions so that the claims of the clients can be rejected, altering definition of disease, delaying payouts and many others. In this regard, the study at hand thereby intends to examine ethical principles and financial decisions of the firm Commonwealth Bank (CBA). In addition to this, this study also has the intent to assess whether sustainability as well as socially responsible outcomes matter for the firm CBA and identify violations of CBA. Moving further, the study also intends to discuss elaborately ethical violations with orientati on to particular theories. Body Critical evaluation of practices of CBA and financial decisions As regards CSR practice of the firm Commonwealth Bank (CBA), the group declared new vision developed for excelling at securing and augmenting the overall financial well being of individuals, businesses as well as communities. Essentially, the new vision also develops customer centric culture and intends to get better and persistently improve in all the operations undertaken. Corporate Social Principle of the company CBA is outlined in the pecuniary report of the firm as a group strategy as well as sustainability approach. The sustainability strategic framework concentrates on five different areas, upholds the vision and generation of enduring value for the customers, individuals, shareholders along with wider community (Schwartz 2017). The sustainable framework includes the following: Sustainable business practices take in exercises of strong governance, instituted management systems, accountable procurement along with transparent reporting (Tai and Chuang 2014) Accountable Financial Services of CBA undertakes a responsible tactic for the provision of various financial products as well as services. Engaged as well as Talented People of CBA lure develop and retain different, engaged as well as talented workforce. Community Contribution as well as Action carries out impactful contributions to the societies by means of mutually beneficial partnerships (Carroll 2015) Policy of Environmental Stewardship helps CBA to become more proactive in enumerating and lessening overall environmental footprint and deliver smart and effective solution to aid the customers as well as employees lessen their own (Bhattacharya et al. 2017) Analysis of pecuniary reports published by the company Commonwealth Bank (CBA) reveals the fact that the Group delivers funds to over and above 2 million owners of home. Particularly, disburses interest payments to over and above 11 million retail saving as well as transaction account holders (Tran 2018). With approximately 52000 individuals, the annual payroll expends of the group is more than $5 billion. Essentially, the group necessarily returns around 75% of the earned profits to in excess of 800000 Australians who necessarily hold the shares directly together with millions more who essentially hold these by means of superannuation funds (Tran 2018). In essence, the group also disbursed in excess of $3 billion in taxes in the financial year, thereby making the company CBA the fourth largest payer of tax. In addition to this, the group also directly aids over 200 grassroots community corporations. This exerts a positive influence on overall health as well as wellbeing of the youths of Australia (Vertigans and Idowu 2017). Furthermore, the group also presented a wide array of programs on development of financial literacy to over and above 280000 students across the nation. Discussion whether sustainability and socially responsible outcomes matter for CBA Sustainability along with social responsibility is said to really matters for the company CBA. This is evident from the new vision of the company that is extremely customer centric and has the intention to continually get better in everything the company does. The management of the firm intends to evolve particularly the corporate strategy and continue to embrace the significance of Environmental, Social as well as Governance (ESG) contemplations in a swiftly transforming operating environment (Cheng et al. 2014). In addition to this, it is evident from initiatives of the firm that sustainability as well as socially responsible results really matter for the firm. For instance, the company has achieved the target of 20% reduction in carbon; company has ranked 1 in customer satisfaction in different areas of business, participated in around 3520 primary school banking programs and many others. In addition to this, it can be observed that Identification of ethical principles breached by CBA The ethical violations of the firm Commonwealth Bank (CBA) can be analysed from the latest scandals that engulfed the bank particularly the insurance business of the corporation. In addition to this, the insurance arm of the company that is the CommInsue primarily entered into unethical practices of undertaking deceitful exercises. This included misusing of medical reports, deleting several files and compelling doctors to change their opinions for rejecting the claims of the clients. The management of the firm in this way intended to reduce the payouts in terms of claims of the client although the clients diligently paid the premiums. Essentially, there are extraordinary substantiations that are identified and uncovered in this regard that can help in supporting the unethical treatment by the business unit (Saeidi et al. 2015). In itself, there are also allegations of different claim managers who necessarily were cherry picking various doctors for getting prognoses they want. In this way, doctors were persuaded to alter their opinions. Fundamentally, these unethical practices added to the trauma of the sick as well as suffering customers. The ethical principles that are necessarily breached at the firm include the following: Beneficence: This ethical principle essentially guides various decision makers to do what is correct as well as good. In this case, to do good necessarily makes ethical perspective and probable solutions to an ethical dilemma (Korschun et al. 2014). In particular, this principle is also associated to principle of utility and this talk about the need to generate largest ratio of good over evil in the entire world. The management of the firm CBA have failed to do good to the claimants who have diligently paid premiums for years. Therefore, this principle is said to have been violated. Least Harm: This ethical principle mentions that least harm handles situations in which no option appears beneficial. However, in this regard, decision makers intend to select to undertake activities that would do the least harm and things that mete out harm to the fewest people (Dias et al. 2018). As such, this ethical principle is also violated in this regard as the insurance unit of CBA have meted out tremendous harm to the insurance claimants by obtaining fraudulent ways. Respect and reverence for autonomy: This specific principle mentions that decision making have the need to concentrate on permitting people to be autonomous and to be able to make decisions that are applicable to their lives (Wang et al. 2016). Therefore, individuals have the need to maintain control their lives as much as possible as they are the only people who entirely understand their own lifestyle. Justice: The ethical principle of justice talks about the need to concentrate on activities that are to some extent fair to the ones engaged. This refers to the fact that ethical decisions have the need to be consistent with the specific ethical themes (Wang et al. 2016). In case of CBA, this principle has also been breached as the insurance wing of the firm have failed to remain fair. By ways of unfair means, management of the corporation has rejected claims in order to avert huge payouts. Discussion of ethical violations with reference to relevant ethical theories The deontological themes of ethics that are applied for decision making stresses on ethical dilemmas that are significant and directs towards most ethically appropriate resolution. Ethical concerns in insurance corporations include utilitarianism and deontology. The former perspective concentrates on greater good or collective, whilst the latter concentrates on personal duties. Basically, insurance businesses of the Commonwealth Bank have breached the ethical principle of utilitarianism as they have failed to do good and deceitfully violate the rights of claimants. Again, individual customer alternatively is to some extent deontological. They necessarily take into account needs as the first as well as foremost concern with no pertinent interest outside the policy of insurance. There are several concerns that take place when providers of insurance fail to comprehend these areas of concern, undertaking practices that ignore personal objections (Carroll and Buchholtz 2014). Therefore, this is an area where rules/principles are violated for the corporation. Even for legal, personal or else humanitarian causes, ethics cannot be ignored. In ethical themes founded on rights, the specific rights instituted by a community can be protected and given highest priority. In this case rights are necessarily considered ethically appropriate and valid as large population endorses the same. This theory is also violated in the case of CBA. Conclusion The ethical violations with orientation to ethical themes relevant to the current case are explained in this study. In conclusion, it can be said that the current study helps in understanding the practices of CBA and financial decisions bearing in mind the ethical principles of the firm. Also, the study also aids in comprehending whether sustainability and socially responsible outcomes really matter for CBA and identifies ethical principles that are breached by CBA. Moving further, the study at hand also explicates in detail about ethical violations with reference to relevant ethical theories. References Bhattacharya, C.B., Korschun, D., Sen, S. and Routledge, H., 2017. Corporate social responsibility.Journal of International Law,26(2). Carroll, A. and Buchholtz, A., 2014.Business and society: Ethics, sustainability, and stakeholder management. Nelson Education. Carroll, A.B., 2015. Corporate social responsibility.Organizational dynamics,44(2), pp.87-96. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G., 2014. Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), pp.1-23. Dias, A., Rodrigues, L.L., Craig, R. and Neves, M.E., 2018. Corporate social responsibility disclosure in small and medium-sized entities and large companies.Social Responsibility Journal. Korschun, D., Bhattacharya, C.B. and Swain, S.D., 2014. Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees.Journal of Marketing,78(3), pp.20-37. Saeidi, S.P., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, S.P. and Saaeidi, S.A., 2015. How does corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction.Journal of Business Research,68(2), pp.341-350. Schwartz, M.S., 2017.Corporate social responsibility. Routledge. Tai, F.M. and Chuang, S.H., 2014. Corporate social responsibility.Ibusiness,6(03), p.117. Tran, B., 2018. Corporate social responsibility. InEncyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, Fourth Edition(pp. 671-681). IGI Global. Vertigans, S. and Idowu, S.O., 2017.Corporate Social Responsibility. Springer International Publishing:. Wang, H., Tong, L., Takeuchi, R. and George, G., 2016. Corporate social responsibility: An overview and new research directions thematic issue on corporate social responsibility.Academy of Management Journal,59(2), pp.534-544.

The Chosen, By Chaim Potok (1143 words) Essay Example For Students

The Chosen, By Chaim Potok (1143 words) Essay The Chosen, By Chaim PotokThe ChosenThe Chosen, a fiction novel written in 1967 by Chaim Potok, is about two young Jewish boys and their friendship. It takes us along with them on their journey from adolescence to adulthood. They face many conflicts, and through those trials the author makes his readers think more deeply into lifes true meanings. The novel was set in New York during the Second World War. Since the main characters are Jews, this period of time is very significant. Not only were the Jews persecuted during WWII, but New York was also close to a military base, which made it a prime target for bombing. Even the setting has an underlying sense of tension. One of the protagonists in The Chosen is Reuven Malter. Reuven is an orthodox Jewish boy. He is a very smart and diligent student. His father, David Malter raises Reuven alone in Brooklyn, New York as his mother has already passed away. Reuven has glasses, brown hair and eyes, and dresses in the typical orthodox manner. A plain boy, he has a bright mind and a very caring soul. We will write a custom essay on The Chosen, By Chaim Potok (1143 words) specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The other protagonist in the novel is Danny Saunders. Danny is the son of a very devoted Hasidic Jewish tzaddik. However, Danny is not a very enthusiastic Hasid. He has earlocks, grows a beard, and wears the traditional Hasidic outfit, but he doesnt have the reverence for it that he should. Danny is a genius. His religion forbids him to read literature from the outside world, so he struggles with his thirst for knowledge and the restraints that have been put on him by both his father and his religion. He lives with his father, mother, older sister, and younger brother in Brooklyn as well. The first antagonist is Danny. He and Reuven had many difficulties. They resolve their problems in the course of the book, but at the beginning they hate each other. Their religious views are also very opposite. Once they overcome their differences, they become best friends. Reb Saunders is the second antagonist. A Hasidic tzaddik, he led his people into freedom in America. Reb has strange ideas on raising Danny. He believes that silence will teach Danny compassion and give him an understanding for pain. He does not talk to his son about anything but the Talmud. Loving and respecting each other immensely, Reb and Danny just never get a chance to express their feelings with one another. Reb holds Danny back and doesnt allow him to reach his full potential, because he feels it is best for Danny. The most important supporting character is David Malter, Reuvens father. Mr. Malter is a journalist. Weak and often ill, he is a Zionist proud of his religion and heritage. He provides Danny with a worldview giving him the opportunity to expand his mind and broaden his viewpoint. He also gives Reuven self-confidence and the ability to make his own decisions. He supports Reuven, helps him through hard times, and shares insights with him. ?A man must fill his life wi th meaning, meaning is not automatically given to life. It is hard work to fill ones life with meaning,? Mr. Malter once said to his son. Reuven acts as a buffer between Reb and Danny Saunders. Since Reb feels he cant talk to Danny in order to raise him properly, he talks to Reuven about Danny. They talk to each other through Reuven. Reuven is also a very supportive and encouraging friend to Danny. He gives him advice and is willing to listen to Dannys problems. .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23 , .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23 .postImageUrl , .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23 , .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23:hover , .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23:visited , .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23:active { border:0!important; } .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23:active , .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23 .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf295ef7a791ecc8f9cd31ade3f270d23:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genetic Diversity In Agriculture EssayIn this predominately Jewish setting, Billy Merrit and Tony Savo give Reuven a window into the outside world. Reuven learned about Gentile culture when with them. They serve an important role in the novel by teaching Reuven that suffering is universal and life isnt always fair. It really awakened him to new ideas. Each of the main characters have obvious flaws. Danny has a good mind, but no soul. He is brilliant, but he unable to relate to people. Reuven is very bright and relates well to people, but he finds forgiveness difficult in practice. When other characters wrong him, Reuven begrudges them and struggles with mercy. Reb Saunders only knew what was around him and what he had been taught. His worldview didnt search for conclusions about matters bigger than his own circle. In the beginning of the book, both Reuvens and Dannys rival schools play baseball against each other. Near the end of the game, Reuven gets hit in the eye with a ball Danny hits. As a piece of glass gets wedged in his eye, Reuven requires surgery and a stay in the hospital. Here he meets Billy and Tony, his first Gentile contacts. This accident actually brings Reuven and Danny together and the two begin spending a lot of time with each other. Reuven begins to learn about the struggles Danny is facing with his father and the restrictions of his religion. Danny is destined to inherit his fathers job as a tzaddik, although he could have a bright future elsewhere. For this reason, Danny does not want to follow in his fathers footsteps, desiring to become a psychologist instead. He knows that he couldnt live if he were confined into the ways of his father all his life, but he dreads telling his father about his choice. Because of his respect of his father, he doesnt want to disappoint him. Yet, he doesnt want to discard his religion either. Although his father wants to raise him as he himself was raised, he realizes that he cant expect to keep such a genius in the cage. Reb finds out about Dannys plans for the future, and although they contradict the way he would have wanted Danny to continue with his life, he agrees to let Danny decide for himself. Satisfied as a father, Reb says, I had to make certain his soul would be the soul of a tzaddik no matter what he did with his life.? Once Reb has given his son freedom, Danny remains faithful to his religion and, although he is not as devout, goes out into the world. Throughout this novel, there is an underlying force of prejudice. The two different Jewish sects are prejudiced against one another. Alongside, WWII also has a lot of prejudices locked up in it. The Zionist and anti-Zionist movements were prejudiced toward each other and many of these examples are found in the novel. Reuven Malter narrated The Chosen. This gives it a youthful perspective. It is very descriptive. Potok used many detailed vocabulary words to communicate his point. A lot of figurative language helps develop analogies and insights, as well. The Chosen is a very insightful novel about the Jewish culture and the trials that come with growing up. Book Reports

Free Essays on The Marketing Research Process

The marketing research process is the function that links the consumer, customer, and public to the marketer through information. Information is used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions, monitor marketing performance and improve understanding of marketing as a process. The marketing research process specifies the information required to address these issues, designs the methods for collecting information, manages and implements the data collection process, analyzes, and communicates the findings and their implications. The four steps in this process are : 1). Defining the problem and the research objectives Before starting the actual research process, marketers must determine the source of the problem, in order to be able to conduct the relevant research and avoid wasting time and money. A proper definition of the problem is the basic step to the whole process. Defining research objectives involves carrying out preliminary research and this includes, exploratory research, descriptive research and causal research. Exploratory research is marketing research to gather preliminary information tat will help define the problem and suggest hypothesis. Descriptive research is marketing research tat describes in a better way marketing problems, situations or markets. Causal research is marketing research to test hypothesis about cause and effect relationships. 2). Developing the research plan to collect the information. The second step of the marketing research process requires, determining the specific information needed, developing a plan for gathering it efficiently and presenting it to the marketing management. The plan illustrates sources of existing data, and determines what research approach, contact methods, sampling plan, and research instruments will be employed to gather relevant new data. The research approach includes: observa... Free Essays on The Marketing Research Process Free Essays on The Marketing Research Process The marketing research process is the function that links the consumer, customer, and public to the marketer through information. Information is used to identify and define marketing opportunities and problems; generate, refine, and evaluate marketing actions, monitor marketing performance and improve understanding of marketing as a process. The marketing research process specifies the information required to address these issues, designs the methods for collecting information, manages and implements the data collection process, analyzes, and communicates the findings and their implications. The four steps in this process are : 1). Defining the problem and the research objectives Before starting the actual research process, marketers must determine the source of the problem, in order to be able to conduct the relevant research and avoid wasting time and money. A proper definition of the problem is the basic step to the whole process. Defining research objectives involves carrying out preliminary research and this includes, exploratory research, descriptive research and causal research. Exploratory research is marketing research to gather preliminary information tat will help define the problem and suggest hypothesis. Descriptive research is marketing research tat describes in a better way marketing problems, situations or markets. Causal research is marketing research to test hypothesis about cause and effect relationships. 2). Developing the research plan to collect the information. The second step of the marketing research process requires, determining the specific information needed, developing a plan for gathering it efficiently and presenting it to the marketing management. The plan illustrates sources of existing data, and determines what research approach, contact methods, sampling plan, and research instruments will be employed to gather relevant new data. The research approach includes: observa...

Pythagoras of Samos Biography

Pythagoras of Samos Biography Pythagoras, a Greek mathematician and philosopher, is best known for his work developing and proving the theorem of geometry that bears his name. Most students remember it as follows: the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Its written as: a 2 b2 c2. Early Life Pythagoras was born on the island of Samos, off the coast of Asia Minor (what is now mostly Turkey), about 569 BCE. Not much is known of his early life. There is evidence that he was well educated, and learned to read and play the lyre. As a youth, he may have visited Miletus in his late teenage years to study with the philosopher Thales, who was a very old man, Thaless student, Anaximander was giving lectures on Miletus and quite possibly, Pythagoras attended these lectures. Anaximander took a great interest in geometry and cosmology, which influenced the young Pythagoras. Odyssey to Egypt The next phase of Pythagorass life is a bit confusing. He went to Egypt for some time and visited, or at least tried to visit, many of the temples. When he visited Diospolis, he was accepted into the priesthood after completing the rites necessary for admission. There, he continued his education, especially in mathematics and geometry. From Egypt in Chains Ten years after Pythagoras arrived in Egypt, relations with Samos fell apart. During their war, Egypt lost and Pythagoras was taken as a prisoner to Babylon. He wasnt  treated as a prisoner of war as we would consider it today. Instead, he continued his education in mathematics and music and delved into the teachings of the priests, learning their sacred rites. He became extremely proficient in his studies of mathematics and sciences as taught by the Babylonians. A Return Home Followed by Departure Pythagoras eventually returned to Samos, then went to Crete to study their legal system for a short time. In Samos, he founded a school called the Semicircle. In  about 518 BCE, he  founded another school in Croton (now known as Crotone, in southern Italy). With Pythagoras at the head, Croton maintained an inner circle of followers known as mathematikoi (priests of mathematics). These mathematikoi lived permanently within the society, were allowed no personal possessions and were strict vegetarians. They received training only from Pythagoras, following very strict rules.  The next layer of the society was called the akousmatics. They lived in their own houses and only came to the society during the day.  The society contained both men and women.   The Pythagoreans were a highly secretive group, keeping their work out of public discourse. Their interests lay not just in math and natural philosophy, but also in metaphysics and religion. He and his inner circle believed that souls migrated after death into the bodies of other beings. They thought that animals could contain human souls. As a result, they saw eating animals as cannibalism.   Contributions Most scholars know that Pythagoras and his followers didnt study mathematics for the same reasons as people do today. For them, numbers had a spiritual meaning. Pythagoras taught that all things are numbers and saw mathematical relationships in nature, art, and music. There are a number of theorems attributed to Pythagoras, or at least to his society, but the most famous one,  the Pythagorean theorem, may not be entirely his invention. Apparently, the Babylonians had realized the relationships between the sides of a right triangle more than a thousand years before Pythagoras learned about it. However, he spent a great deal of time working on a proof of the theorem.   Besides his contributions to mathematics, Pythagorass work was essential to astronomy. He felt the sphere was the perfect shape. He also realized the orbit of the Moon was inclined to Earths equator, and deduced that the evening star (Venus) was the same as the morning star. His work influenced later astronomers such as Ptolemy and Johannes Kepler (who formulated the laws of planetary motion). Final Flight   During the later years of the society, it came into conflict with supporters of democracy. Pythagoras denounced the idea, which resulted in attacks against his group. Around 508 BCE, Cylon, a Croton noble attacked the Pythagorean Society and vowed to destroy it. He and his followers persecuted the group, and Pythagoras fled to Metapontum. Some accounts claim that he committed suicide. Others say that Pythagoras returned to Croton a short time later since the society was not wiped out and continued for some years. Pythagoras may have lived at least beyond 480 BCE, possibly to age 100. There are conflicting reports of both his birth and death dates. Some sources think he was born in 570 BCE and died in 490 BCE.   Pythagoras Fast Facts Born: ~569 BCE on SamosDied: ~475 BCEParents: Mnesarchus (father), Pythias (mother)Education:   Thales, AnaximanderKey Accomplishments:  first mathematician Sources Britannica: Pythagoras-Greek Philosopher and MathematicianUniversity of St. Matthews: Pythagoras BiographyWikipedia Edited by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

The Great Gatsby Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

The Great Gatsby - Essay Example He has moved from the Midwest, where his family is wealthy and prominent, to become a bond salesman in New York. He is the quintessential lone representative of a bucolic bourgeois patriarchy, â€Å"making his name† in an urban area. This is not to say that Nick is alone on West Egg- his second cousin, Daisy, lives nearby with her overbearing, snobbish husband, Tom. Tom, who went to Yale and has all the trappings of class, displays a vulgar sort of vacuity that is actually rather disturbing. Nick visits the couple and assays in his laid-back narrative the tense and precarious situation of the household: the hulking Tom is immersed in half-baked racist theories, and Daisy seems to float around in an ephemeral haze of blasà © affectation which briefly disperses to reveal a still center of affected innocence. Nick meets Jordan Baker, a sophisticated and attractive golf champion who is visiting the Buchanan household, and the two begin what evolves into a casual romance. There is nothing obsessive about their offhanded relationship. farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens† (Fitzgerald 27). Though many critics posit that Myrtle Wilson is a positive, down-to-earth character just because of the colors of her clothing, one could also believe that Fitzgerald intends to characterize her in terms of her class. Counterpoised against the monied world of the Buchanans and the distantly wry, self-deprecating objectivity of Carraway’s detached affluence, Myrtle seems to be a rather simplified representative of a middle-class agog with the glamour of the wealthy elite. This behavior is irritating to Tom, who in a fit of rage behaves awfully and betrays his base nature, breaking Myrtle’s Nose when she presses the issue of Daisy’s cognizance. The pathetic, servile figure of George, Myrtle’s Daisy to visit him (Nick) while Gatsby â€Å"stops by.† After the two are finally together, the complicated

Methods and tactics used to reduce gender and racial disparities in Essay

Methods and tactics used to reduce gender and racial disparities in prisons.-CRJ - Essay Example Lately the query about racial and gender disparities in prisons arises more occasionally and intensively, calling to implement specific instruments and tactics to diminish that phenomenon. Due to the statistic results African Americans and Hispanic lawbreakers are more likely to be convicted of felony than white people (Hartney & Vuong, 2009). Also in most cases the sentences of black people are longer. Disparity of arrest rates between racial groups strikes and scares drastically. Moreover, death penalty among colored prisoners is spread oftener than among white delinquents. In addition, there is a significant disproportion between male and female rates of criminality. All mentioned facts indicate the inequality in judicial system concerning offenders of different races and genders. According to stated problem several solutions that are aimed to reduce disparity can be recommended.

Nature of Logic Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Logic Thinking Essay

Nature of Logic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The nature of logic and critical thinking go hand in hand. A person must use logic during the critical thinking process. However, each person’s logic may depend on his/her perceptual process or their perceptual barriers. No person can ever fully understand their own perceptual process in its entirety. The reason being is that no person knows all of their perceptual barriers. Without knowing all of the barriers, how is a person able to determine the process in which they perceive things? While a person may know or assume some of their perceptual barriers, some of their perceptual barriers will never be uncovered because they may not know they even exist. They may not even know that they exist because the perceptual barrier is so strong that it will never be known to them, that it, in fact, is a barrier at all. This alone could be a potential barrier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aside from not being able to identify all of a person’s perceptual barriers, each situation that comes about where a critical thinking process may be utilized can call for a different process. For example, a person may use an entirely different perceptual process while at their place of employment than they would in their home. Even then a person may utilize a different process depending on the situations that occur on any given day. However, the way we think can be determined by the way we were raised and the way we currently are living. Many factors come into play that can cause percept...

Preliminary Ruling under Article Essay

Question 1. EC legislation and the national legislation of the Member States were integrated by the European Community Treaties. As such the national courts act in accordance with Community law and refer cases to the European Court of Justice. National judges play a key role in implementing Community law in their Member States. The preliminary reference system thus enables the national courts to comply with Community law and maintain cooperation with the European Court of Justice. Under this system the national courts refer cases for a preliminary ruling to the ECJ, in accordance with the provisions of Article 234 EC . Article 234 EC contains the jurisdictional requirements for a preliminary reference. First, the referring institution has to be a court or tribunal of a Member State. Second, the referral should be in respect of Community law’s validity or interpretation and finally, the referring court or tribunal should determine whether at all there is a need to deliver a judgment, by the ECJ. In Bosman it was opined by the Advocate General Lenz that the ECJ can refuse to consider a preliminary ruling request, if such a request apparently bears no relation to the main action . The European Court of Justice is an autonomous body that is independent of any Member State or institution of the European Union. The major function of the ECJ is to interpret the Community Treaties and Community law in accordance with the spirit of the EU, and to implement the EC law, throughout the EU. Therefore, the ECJ shoulders the responsibility of uniformly applying the EC law in all Member States. It constitutes the judicial pillar of the EU . While hearing cases, if a conflict arises between the national legislation and the EC law, with regard to the application of the Community law; the national courts should not declare the EC law to be inapplicable. It is the duty of the ECJ to resolve such situations through its case law. Article 234 EC contains the procedure to be adopted when national courts refer cases to the ECJ for a preliminary ruling. A wide range of jurisdictional requirements have to be met by the ECJ in order to give a preliminary ruling. However, the ECJ can refuse to entertain a preliminary reference if it is satisfied that Community law is not invoked in these referred cases . In the Meilicke case, the issue was the right of shareholders to obtain information from the company management, as per the provisions of Directive 77/91/EEC. The Directive requires certain safeguards to be implemented by the Member States, so as to protect the interests of shareholders and others. The Member States have to act in accordance with the second paragraph of Article 58 of the EC Treaty. The national court referred the case to the ECJ on the compatibility of the German Aktiengesetz with the Directive with regard to the process of forming public limited liability companies, their maintenance and changes in their share capital . The national court was required to interpret these safeguards in accordance with the Second Directive. The ECJ keenly looked into the facts of the case. Its objective was to determine whether the German legislation, in the context of treating certain cash contribution preceded or followed by the company’s transactions of payment of amounts to shareholders, so as to offset the debts of the company to the shareholders or subscribers, violated Community law. The national court had held that Community law had been violated, because these amounts had been in the form of disguised contributions in kind . However, the ECJ refused to respond to the referral, as it felt that it would be exceeding the scope of its jurisdiction . The underlying principle involved is that the national courts have to refer novel and subtle questions, regarding the application and interpretation of EC law, while making a reference for a preliminary ruling. Subsequently, the ECJ would develop new case law, which would serve as a guideline to national judges and other legal professionals in the EU. National courts are expected to develop a pan European perspective and thereby contribute to the integrity of the Union. As such the ECJ does not compel the national courts to refer cases for a preliminary hearing. Though, the ECJ cannot force national courts to submit cases for preliminary reference, Article 234 EC imposes such a requirement in some cases. In some other cases it requires national courts to directly refer the cases to the ECJ by suspending the cases in the first instance itself . Article 234 EC differentiates between lower courts and national courts of last instance. The lower national courts have discretion, whether to make a reference or not. The national courts of last instance are obliged to refer cases for preliminary reference, if the interpretation of Community law was such that referral was warranted. Most of these cases originate in the lower national courts. Hence, they possess the discretion to refer the cases to the ECJ. The courts of last instance are under an obligation to make such a reference, however, they possess some discretion in this matter and this has been specified in Article 7 EC . If a national judge has to deal with cases in which the validity and applicability of the EC law is challenged, or if the application of EC law is argued to be illegal; then the national judge is under an obligation to make a referral to the ECJ for a preliminary reference. However, national judges are not competent to declare EC law invalid or unlawful. This is because, if a provision of EC law were to be declared as unlawful, then its application would have to be declared invalid in the entire EU. Therefore, it is unacceptable to declare a provision of the EC law invalid in a particular Member State; while it is valid in other Member States, without any dispute or conflict with national legislation . In the Foto – Frost case, the ECJ held that the national courts are under an obligation to refer questions regarding the applicability and validity of EC law to it. The ECJ held that national courts could only consider the applicability and legality of Community legislation. A national court cannot declare that a piece of Community legislation is invalid. Hence it only the ECJ that can invalidate Community legislation or an act of an EC institution . In Gaston Schul Douane-expediteur and International Air Transport Association the ECJ reiterated that the national courts were under an obligation to seek a preliminary reference from it. In Gaston, ECJ ignored the subject matter of the case and only considered the preliminary reference made by the national court. Afterwards, the ECJ held that the referral had been incorrect, because in an earlier decision on a similar subject, it had given the same decision, due to the fact that a specific piece of EU legislation would be declared invalid. Question 2 [a] The Employment Tribunals are competent to refer cases, under Article 234 EC, to the ECJ, whenever a clarification is needed regarding an EC Directive. This is exemplified by Coleman . In this case it was held that the ET was well within its powers to make a referral to the ECJ. This is provided for in Rule 58 of the ET Rules of Procedure 2004. Question 2[b] A disciplinary committee is neither a court nor a tribunal. Therefore, it is precluded from referring to the ECJ for a preliminary hearing. Moreover, a disciplinary committee, though a quasi – judicial body, is all the same dependent on the administrator; hence, the   ECJ will not accept a preliminary hearing referral from it. This is on the basis of the ruling in Corbiau . Question 2 [c] The Appellate Court had deemed the issue to be irrelevant and unarguable and consequently, unfit to be referred to even the House of Lords. Therefore, the issue is definitely not to be referred to the ECJ.   In the Max Mara Fashion Group case, no questions had been submitted for a reference. Further the case was so ambiguous that the ECJ refused to have anything to do with it. It was also unclear as to why the case had been sent for reference and there were no provisions of EC law that had been violated . Question 2 [d] The House of Lords need not refer to the ECJ, because it is fully convinced that it has comprehended the piece of legislation under consideration. Since, there is no breach of EC law by the national law, nor is there any difficulty in interpreting EC law, there is no necessity to approach the ECJ for a preliminary reference. Question 2 [e] In the Nolle case, the ECJ held that a referral would not be entertained, if its purpose was only restricted to fact finding . As such the ECJ requires a verification of all the facts before filing a reference with it. Moreover, the Home Office is not a judicial body. Therefore, the Home Office cannot refer to the ECJ, in order to ascertain whether the Iranian student is to be deported or not. Bibliography Case 314/85, Foto-Frost v Hauptzollamt Là ¼beck-Ost (1987) . Case C – 16/90 Nolle v. Hauptzollamp Bremen – Freihafen (1991) ECR I – 5163. Case C-83/91, Wienard Meilicke v ADV/ORGA FA Meyer AG, [1992] ECR I-4871. Case C – 24/92, Corbiau v. Administration des Contributions, (1993) ECR I – 1277. Case C-307/95 Max Mara Fashion Group (1995) ECR I-5083. C – 415/93 Bosman v UEFA (1995) ECR I – 4921. Case C-461/03, Gaston Schul Douane-expediteur BV v Minister van Landbouw, Natuur en Voedselkwaliteit, (2005). Case C-344/04, R (International Air Transport Association and European Low Fares Airline Association) v Department for Transport, (2006). C – 303/06, S. Coleman v. Attridge Law, Steve Law, (2006). The Relation Between National Courts and the European Court of Justice in the European Union Judicial System: Preliminary Ruling Regimes According to Articles 234 EC, 68 EC, and 35 EU. February 2007. 3 February 2008.

Democracy and Bureaucrary Are Incompatible - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1846 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/19 Category Politics Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Bureaucracy Essay Population Essay Did you like this example? DEMOCRACY AND BUREAUCRARY ARE INCOMPATIBLE, DISCUSS USING ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES. The relationship between democracy and bureaucracy has generated much debate amongst scholars. Democracy is defined as a political system which supplies regular constitutional opportunities for changing the governing officials and the social mechanism which permits the largest possible part of the population to influence major decisions by choosing among political contenders for political office. Abraham Lincoln as cited in Haralambos and Holborn (1995) defines democracy as the government of the people by the people and for the people. Bureaucracy is defined by Schaefer (2003) as a component of formal organisation in which rules and hierarchal ranking are used to achieve efficiency. The focus of this discussion is to reflect to a greater extent the incompatibility that exist between democracy and bureaucracy Democracy emanated from western countries as a movement that clamoured for equality, f reedom of speech and expression. It came into being mainly after Second World War where many peoples rights were stripped off. Democracy came to restore individual dignity and popular participation. Decision making under the banner of democracy would mean that all involved parties should have informed consent on issues that directly affected them. Bureaucracy is a brain child of Weber who asserts that it’s an organised way of running an organisation. An organisation contains structures which should be followed in their order of importance. This means that, in decision making, relevant authorities should make decisions and in the event that they feel incapacitated to do that, they approach a higher office. There is chain of command and top down approach in communication which represents a hierarchy of authority. Haralambos and Holborn(1995), People in this hierarchy are paid and are full time officials who form a chain of command. A bureaucracy is concerned with business of administration with controlling, managing and coordinating a complex series of tasks. Bureaucracy represents oligarchy, rationality and separation of ownership from control. Democracy and bureaucracy coexist in society but their compatibility is questionable, they seem to be two conflicting views which exist in one society. The conflict perspective theorists are of the view that bureaucracy and democracy are much incompatible. Bureaucracy is inevitably a representative of the interest of the minority which is a direct opposition of democracy, which focus on majority rule and freedom of all. Bureaucracy state apparatus can be viewed as a specific creation of capitalist society with the roles of manipulating and turning the majority into proletariats. Lenin, as cited by Haralambos and Holborn (1995), clearly puts that western parliaments where â€Å"mere talking shops† while the real work of government was conducted behind closed doors by the state governing bureaucra cy therefore the state is an organ of class rule, an organ for the oppression of one class by another and hence cannot operate hand in glove with democracy. Hopes for truly democratic organisations in a communist society can be dismissed as mere illusions. According to Robert Michels 1876-1936 as cited in Haralambos and Holborn(1995), in his study of European socialist parties and trade unions, the organisations which had the aim to overthrow the capitalist state and create a socialist society based on democratic principles was not the resemblance of what actual happened. It was a mere duplication of the capitalist bureaucracy which is not very compatible with democracy. As supported by Jonson (1989) socialist states like the former Soviet Union, the state power was used to maintain wealth, power of government and military leaders at the expense of the wishes of the people, there was basic conflict between government and the people thereby compromising on democracy. Just like in the authoritarian capitalists government the state supports the interests of capitalists irregardless of having formal positions in government, all this suppress the will of the people. Therefore, bureaucracy is not compatible with democracy in such governments where the wishes of the people do not take paramount importance. It can be argued that organisation or bureaucracy is death knell of democracy and hence not compatible. Moreso, direct participation by large number of people in the running of an organisation is in practice impossible. Apart from the practical difficulties of assembling thousands of people, direct involvement in decision making will be more cumbersome and time consuming that nothing will get done. Since direct democracy is impractical, it can only be replaced by a form of some representative system, whereby delegates represent the mass and carry out its will. Hurd et al (1991) laments that these political elected leaders want to amass wealth at the exp ense of the people, just because of their positions. Leaders at the highest authority of the bureaucracy can appoint other leaders on basis of ethnic background, nepotism and favour hence the wishes of the people wont be respected because the leaders would be representing their own selfish needs. As a result, bureaucracy can not be compatible with democracy if the wishes of the majority are ignored. The only thing they will do is to come back with feedback and alerting the mass on their course of action in the future. For example the president went to represent Zimbabwe to the UN summit recently and told the Zimbabwe’s story without prior consultation with the people because of the hindrance caused by bureaucracy. The effective operation of the organisation requires a specialised division of labour that necessitates control and coordination from the top. The result is rigorously defined and hierarchical bureaucracy. Haralambos and Holborn (1995), postulate that the organis ation grows and administrative duties proliferate that it is no longer possible to take them at a glance. They become increasingly incomprehensible to those without special knowledge and training. Faced with this complexity, members of trade unions and political parties leave matters to their political leaders. Decisions are taken by the executive committees within the bureaucracy rather than by assemblies of the rank and the file. Thus, the very organisation which was created to represent its members, end up by largely excluding them from participation and decision making. Organisations therefore inevitably produce oligarchy which rule by a small group or elite, popularly known as the iron law of oligarchy. To sum up on oligarchy, Michels postulates that the oligarchic structure of the building suffocates basic democratic principle. Hence democracy and bureaucracy is not compatible because of these misgivings between the two. Communication in bureaucracy is basically top down commanding orders and giving institutions to employees or people without prior consultation. There is over dependence on the orders and direction for superiors while crushing the initiative of the subordinates. Macionis (1995) argues that individuality is suppressed as bureaucratic slavishly follow official procedures and regulations with advancement dependent on the judgement of higher authority. Subordinates bore and scrap to their superiors while adopting an arrogance stance to those beneath them in the hierarchy. Bureaucracy therefore, is sworn enemy of individual liberty and all bold initiative in matter of internal policy. It is petty, narrow, rigid and illiberal hence reflects the direct opposite of democracy and thereby it’s not compatible. There is a tendency to displace organisational goals by the leadership in bureaucracy. The leadership is established at the top of the bureaucratic pyramid and its primary concern is the maintenance of its own power. Leaders wish to retain the privilege and status which their positions bring, a concern which take priority over the started goals of the organisations. Schaefer (1995) adds that the organisation will become increasingly conservative as leaders refrain from taking any action that might endanger their position thereby compromising democracy in the process. Leaders learn skills like the art of controlling meetings, of applying and interpreting rules, of proposing motions at opportune moments, their control over the publications of the party for instance enables them to put across their own view point. Moreso in bureaucracy, leaders have considerable say in the appointment of officials in the organisation and can therefore select those who support their policies thus leaders see their own interests and the maintenance of the organisation as indistinguishable. Organisation was essential to democracy, however as a matter of technical and practical necessity organisations adopt a bureaucrat ic structure and it produced oligarchy control which brings to an end or death of democracy. However to a very lesser extent compatibility between democracy and bureaucracy do exist. Haralambos and Holborn (1993) assert that democracy is inconceivable without organisations. In a modern complex society the only way individuals can effectively communicate their wishes and press their nterests is by joining together and forming an organisation. This is particularly true of the relatively powerless working class masses for whom combination and cooperation is necessary and in Zimbabwe we have the Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) which is rooted on democratic foundations is now a full blown democratic bureaucratic political party. The inevitability on the compatibility of democracy and bureaucracy can be explained on psychological perspective on the natural need of the masses to be led. Macionis (1989) argues that democracy is a system in which power is exercised by the people as w hole, of which it does not mean that every member of society participates directly in decisions that directly affect them. This would only be possible in a very small political entity, hence representative democratic systems places governance in the hands of elected leaders. This is accompanying of veneration of activities where the masses clamoured to have a leader. In the light of democracy this will be viewed as the wish of the majority to be lead and hence can be respected. At the end of the day the leader will put in place a structure that resembles bureaucracy but all is done in the name of democracy. Therefore it can be argued that there is no bureaucracy without democracy and no democracy and bureaucracy without democracy. In other instances like in modern democracies people show their wishes through casting their vote in a free and fair electoral environment and if everyone including the observers view it as free and fair it becomes democratic because the wishes of the p eople will have been respected. The people would have given legal authority to the person and the voted government to rule over them hence it will be democratic, in this case democracy and burecracy becomes very compatible. Conclusively democracy and bureaucracy seem to be enemies which coexist in one society or in one organisation. In most case the two different aspects are not compatible as discussed but in other instances their coexistence is accepted as democratic and the only way forward in modern governments which involve managing larger populations which cannot be brought together at once and who have very diverse social economic views. If the majority agree then it’s viewed as democracy. The various interpretations of democracy lead to this debate on this compatibility. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Haralambos, M and Holborn, M (1995), Sociology: Themes and Perspectives. 4th edition. Harper Collins Publishers. London. 2. Hurd g et al (1991) Human Societies. An introduction to Sociology, Routledge and Kegan Paul . New York. 3. Jonson A, G (1981) Human Arrangements. An introduction to Sociology, Harcourt Braces Jovanovich. New York. 4. Macionis, J. J (1989) Sociology, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. 5. Schaefer, R. T (2003) Sociology, McGraw Hill, New York. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Democracy and Bureaucrary Are Incompatible" essay for you Create order